Specimens of the plant were collected by the agent for the Royal Horticultural Society, London, in 1847 and described from his dried material, In 1900, seeds gathered in Hupeh were sent to England by E.H. Wilson. The resulting plants flourished and bloomed in 1909. When both male and female vines were planted together, fruits were produced but usually only solitary vines were grown as ornamentals. Seeds from China were introduced into New Zealand in 1906 and some vines bore fruits in 1910. Several growers raised numerous seedlings (many of which were males) and selected the best fruiting types, which were propagated around 1930. By 1940 there were many plantings, one with 200 vines, especially on the eastern coast of the North Island. The fruits were being marketed and were very popular with American servicemen stationed in New Zealand during World War II, Commercial exporting was launched in 1953, the fruits going mainly to Japan, North America and Europe, with small quantities to Australia, the United Kingdom and Scandinavia. In 1981, a survey of small holders in the Auckland suburbs revealed that the great majority of them intended to plant kiwifruit for the local market. Today, West Germany is New Zealand's biggest customer for kiwifruit. Production in 1983 was reportedly 40,000 tons as compared with 300 tons in 1937. New Zealand supplies 99% of the world production of kiwifruit and 95% of the crop is harvested within 35 miles (56 km) of the little town of Te Puke, Bay of Plenty–38o S latitude. The small industry was greatly assisted in 1971 by an arrangement with the Bay of Plenty Co-operative Dairy Company for the use of cool storage facilities and the construction of a cooperative central packing house. In 1984, there were 2,500 growers, more than 400 packing sheds and 200 "coolstores" with a capacity of 1.9 million tons. A $10,000 prize was offered for the design of a new package for export that would accommodate fruits of varying shapes and sizes.

▲sun gold kiwi plants

1847年，倫敦皇家園藝學(xué)會(huì)代理人收集了這種植物的標(biāo)本，并根據(jù)他的干燥材料進(jìn)行了描述。1900年，在湖北采集的種子由E.H.威爾遜送往英國(guó)。由此產(chǎn)生的植物在1909年繁茂開(kāi)花。當(dāng)雄性和雌性藤蔓一起種植時(shí)，會(huì)結(jié)出果實(shí)，但通常只有單獨(dú)的藤蔓作為觀賞植物生長(zhǎng)。中國(guó)的種子于1906年引入新西蘭，一些藤蔓植物于1910年結(jié)出果實(shí)。一些種植者培育了大量幼苗（其中許多是雄性），并選擇了最好的果實(shí)類型，于1930年左右繁殖。到1940年，有許多種植物，其中一種有200棵藤蔓植物，尤其是在北島的東海岸。這些水果在市場(chǎng)上銷售，在二戰(zhàn)期間駐扎在新西蘭的美國(guó)軍人中非常受歡迎。1953年開(kāi)始商業(yè)出口，水果主要銷往日本、北美和歐洲，少量銷往澳大利亞、英國(guó)和斯堪的納維亞。1981年，一項(xiàng)對(duì)奧克蘭郊區(qū)小農(nóng)戶的調(diào)查顯示，他們中的大多數(shù)人打算為當(dāng)?shù)厥袌?chǎng)種植獼猴桃。如今，西德是新西蘭獼猴桃的最大客戶。據(jù)報(bào)道，1983年的獼猴桃產(chǎn)量為4萬(wàn)噸，而1937年為300噸。新西蘭供應(yīng)了世界獼猴桃產(chǎn)量的99%，95%的獼猴桃產(chǎn)量在北緯38oS的豐盛灣小鎮(zhèn)特普克35英里（56公里）內(nèi)收獲。1971年，通過(guò)與豐盛灣合作乳品公司達(dá)成協(xié)議，使用冷藏設(shè)施，并建造一個(gè)合作的中央包裝間，這一小型工業(yè)得到了極大的幫助。1984年，有2500名種植者，400多個(gè)包裝棚和200個(gè)“冷藏庫(kù)”，容量為190萬(wàn)噸。為設(shè)計(jì)一種可容納各種形狀和大小水果的新出口包裝，獲得了1萬(wàn)美元的獎(jiǎng)金。

▲Kiwi pollination▲

Plants and seeds have been distributed from New Zealand to the United States of America (including Hawaii), and to Australia, South Africa, Germany, the Netherlands and Denmark. In 1981, plant exports amounted to $430,000 NZ. But in 1982 the New Zealand Kiwifruit Authority issued an appeal to cease exporting plants to reduce the likelihood of competition for foreign markets.

植物和種子已從新西蘭分發(fā)到美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)（包括夏威夷），以及澳大利亞、南非、德國(guó)、荷蘭和丹麥。1981年，工廠出口額達(dá)到43萬(wàn)新西蘭元。但在1982年，新西蘭獼猴桃管理局發(fā)出呼吁，停止出口植物，以減少競(jìng)爭(zhēng)外國(guó)市場(chǎng)的可能性。

▲redkiwifruit▲

▲Kiwi sapling▲

The United States Department of Agriculture received seeds from Consul-General Wilcox in Hankow in 1904 (P.I. 11629, 11630) and the resulting vines were fruiting at the Plant Introduction Field Station at Chico, California in 1910. In 1905, a Rev. Hugh White sent in seeds from Kiangsi (P.I. 18535). E.H. Wilson supplied seeds from western Hupeh and Szechuan (P.I. 21781). In 1917, the agricultural explorer, Frank Meyer, sent back to Washington seeds from fruits he found growing near Lung to ping, Hupeh, ranging in size from "that of a gooseberry to a good-sized plum" (P.I. 45946). A plant from this introduction was given to Mr. William Hertrich of San Gabriel, California. It had perfect flowers and bore fruit "of good size and quality." Mr. Hertrich reproduced it by cuttings and in 1919 supplied some of the plants to the Station at Chico (P.I. 46864). In 1935, a New Zealand grower sent plants of a large-fruited kiwifruit (later named 'Hayward' in New Zealand). One of the plants was reported as still flourishing and fruiting–400 lbs (160 kg) annually–in 1982. After cultural techniques were developed in the 1960's, two California growers imported several thousands of plants from New Zealand. Special kiwifruit nurseries were established in 1966 and, by 1970, there were 40 acres (20.25 ha) devoted to this crop. By 1977 there were over 2,000 acres (800 ha) planted with kiwifruit vines but only 10% of the plants had reached bearing age. In 1982, there were about 1,000 small commercial farms in the state. In 1984, kiwifruit groves in California totalled 6,000 acres (2,040 ha). Most of the crop, worth $18,000,000 to the growers, is sold locally, but some has been shipped to Japan and to the Netherlands. The trade association, Kiwi Growers of California, was organized in 1972 and incorporated in 1975 to sponsor research and exchange and publish information. Nationwide publicity and marketing is handled by Blue Anchor, Inc., the California Fruit Exchange, greatly stimulating demand despite the high retail price of the fruits. The California Kiwifruit Administration Committee has set rigid quality standards, preventing the shipping of "unclassified" grade.

▲golden kiwi plants

1904年，美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部從漢口的總領(lǐng)事威爾科克斯那里收到了種子（P.I.11629、11630），1910年，由此產(chǎn)生的葡萄藤在加利福尼亞州奇科的植物引種田間站結(jié)出果實(shí)。1905年，休·懷特牧師從江西送來(lái)了種子（P.I.18535）。E、 威爾遜從湖北西部和四川提供種子（P.I.21781）。1917年，農(nóng)業(yè)探險(xiǎn)家弗蘭克·邁耶（Frank Meyer）將他發(fā)現(xiàn)生長(zhǎng)在湖北省平平市隆附近的水果的種子送回華盛頓，大小從“醋栗到大小合適的李子”（P.I.45946）。來(lái)自加州圣加布里埃爾的威廉·赫特里奇先生收到了引種的一株植物。它開(kāi)著完美的花，結(jié)出“大小和質(zhì)量都很好”的果實(shí)。赫特里希先生通過(guò)扦插繁殖了它，并于1919年向奇科的空間站提供了一些植物（P.I.46864）。1935年，一位新西蘭種植者送來(lái)了一種碩果獼猴桃（后來(lái)在新西蘭被稱為“海沃德”）的植株。1982年，據(jù)報(bào)道，其中一種植物仍在茁壯成長(zhǎng)并結(jié)出果實(shí)——每年400磅（160公斤）。在20世紀(jì)60年代開(kāi)發(fā)出栽培技術(shù)后，兩名加利福尼亞種植者從新西蘭進(jìn)口了數(shù)千種植物。1966年建立了特殊的獼猴桃苗圃，到1970年，有40英畝（20.25公頃）用于種植這種作物。到1977年，有超過(guò)2000英畝（800公頃）的獼猴桃藤種植，但只有10%的植物達(dá)到了結(jié)果年齡。1982年，該州約有1000個(gè)小型商業(yè)農(nóng)場(chǎng)。1984年，加利福尼亞州的獼猴桃林總面積為6000英畝（2040公頃）。大部分農(nóng)作物價(jià)值1800萬(wàn)美元，在當(dāng)?shù)爻鍪郏恍┮呀?jīng)運(yùn)往日本和荷蘭。加州獼猴桃種植者貿(mào)易協(xié)會(huì)成立于1972年，1975年成立，旨在贊助研究、交流和發(fā)布信息。加州水果交易所Blue Anchor，Inc.負(fù)責(zé)全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)的宣傳和營(yíng)銷，盡管水果零售價(jià)格較高，但極大地刺激了需求。加州獼猴桃管理委員會(huì)制定了嚴(yán)格的質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，防止運(yùn)輸“未分類”等級(jí)的獼猴桃。

▲Kiwi packaging▲

The Fruit and Fruit Technology Research Institute of Stellenbosch, South Africa, obtained budwood of New Zealand cultivars in 1960 and experimental plantings were made in a number of areas around the country. The success of the vines in the northeastern Transvaal inspired the installment of a large plantation of mostly seedlings, some plants from cuttings, at Chiremba in the lower Vumba based on New Zealand and California selections. At this location, the altitude is 3,280 ft (1,000 m) and the annual rainfall is 60 in (152 cm). The mean temperatures in southern Cape areas are close to those at Sacramento, California. However, there are great extremes in South African weather and occasionally very high day temperatures which may cause sunburn on exposed fruits. Nevertheless, the South African Kiwifruit Association was formed in 1981 at the University of Natal with expectations of developing successful cultivation.

▲Kiwifruit planting▲

南非Stellenbosch水果和水果技術(shù)研究所于1960年獲得了新西蘭品種的芽木，并在全國(guó)多個(gè)地區(qū)進(jìn)行了實(shí)驗(yàn)種植。特蘭斯瓦爾東北部葡萄園的成功激發(fā)了人們?cè)赩umba下游的Chiremba，根據(jù)新西蘭和加利福尼亞州的選擇，安裝了一個(gè)以幼苗為主的大型種植園，其中一些植物來(lái)自插條。在這個(gè)位置，海拔3280英尺（1000米），年降雨量為60英寸（152厘米）。南開(kāi)普省地區(qū)的平均溫度接近加利福尼亞州薩克拉門(mén)托。然而，南非的天氣非常極端，有時(shí)白天溫度很高，可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致裸露的水果曬傷。盡管如此，南非獼猴桃協(xié)會(huì)于1981年在納塔爾大學(xué)成立，旨在發(fā)展成功的種植。

▲Kiwi planting▲

The kiwifruit was already being grown in Cambodia, Vietnam and southern Laos, France, Spain, Belgium, and Italy where plantings were first made in the late 1960's and commercial growing started in the late 1970's. Italy advanced to third place in world production by 1983, with a crop of 6,000 tons from 4,800 acres (2,000 ha). Over one-half of Italy's crop is exported to France and other European countries.

▲sungold kiwifruit

獼猴桃已經(jīng)在柬埔寨、越南、老撾南部、法國(guó)、西班牙、比利時(shí)和意大利種植，60年代末首次種植，70年代末開(kāi)始商業(yè)種植。到1983年，意大利的產(chǎn)量從4800英畝（2000公頃）提高到了6000噸，居世界第三位。意大利一半以上的作物出口到法國(guó)和其他歐洲國(guó)家。

▲Kiwi seedlings▲

French interest in the kiwifruit has been stimulated by the low returns from apple-growing. By 1971, there were small plantings scattered around southwestern and southeastern areas of the country–valleys of the Garonne, Dordogne, Rhone and Loire rivers–totalling about 123 acres (50 ha). Greece is now producing kiwifruits for export to other European countries, filling the seasonal gap when fruits from New Zealand are not available. A recent development is the raising of kiwifruits in greenhouses in the Channel Islands, especially as an alternative to tomatoes suffering from European competition.

▲red kiwi tree

法國(guó)對(duì)獼猴桃的興趣受到了蘋(píng)果種植回報(bào)率低的刺激。到1971年，該國(guó)西南部和東南部地區(qū)——加龍河、多爾多涅河、羅納河和盧瓦爾河流域——共有約123英畝（50公頃）的小型種植園。希臘現(xiàn)在生產(chǎn)獼猴桃出口到其他歐洲國(guó)家，填補(bǔ)了新西蘭水果供應(yīng)不足的季節(jié)性缺口。最近的一個(gè)發(fā)展是在海峽群島的溫室中種植獼猴桃，特別是作為受歐洲競(jìng)爭(zhēng)影響的番茄的替代品。

▲kiwifruit▲

The vine was introduced into the Philippines at Baguio in 1923. It succeeds there only above 3,280 ft (1,000 m) and has not been exploited. Large plantings are being made in Chile, not far from Santiago.

1923年，這種藤蔓植物在碧瑤被引入菲律賓。它在那里的成功海拔僅為3280英尺（1000米），尚未被開(kāi)發(fā)。離圣地亞哥不遠(yuǎn)的智利正在進(jìn)行大規(guī)模種植。

▲redkiwifruit▲